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Calcium
Absorption from the Ingestion of
Coral-Derived Calcium by Humans.
Kunihiko ISHITANI,
Eiko ITAKURA Shiro GOTO and Takatoshi ESASHI
Higashi
Sapporo Hospital, Sapporo 003-8585, Japan 1 Formerly, Tokyo University of Agriculture,
Ichikawa 272-0035, Japan 3 Division of Applied
Food Research, The National Institute of Health
and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan (Received
September 20. 1998)
Summary
Recent dietary life involves frequent
opportunities for the ingestion of purified, processed
food products and preserved foods, and it has been
pointed out that the current dietary mineral intake
strongly tends toward nutritional imbalance. The
Ryukyu Islands yield coral which contains calcium
and magnesium in a content ratio of about 2 to
I, with their approximate contents of 20 and 10%,
respectively. In this report, the calcium absorption
from the ingestion of crackers into which the coral
powder was incorporated (coral-added crackers)
and that from ingestion of calcium carbonate-added
crackers was comparatively assessed. Twelve healthy
adult volunteers (6 men and 6 women) ingested coral-added
crackers (calcium content: 525 mg) and calcium
carbonate-added crackers (ditto) once each alternately
on a cross-over design with a wash-out period of
3 d between the regimens. The study also included
controls receiving neither cracker. The degree
of intestinal absorption of calcium from coral-added
crackers and that from calcium carbonate-added
crackers was evaluated in terms of increment in
urinary calcium excretion per dL of glomerular
filtrate (GF) (difference between coral calcium
and calcium carbonate) and increase in urinary
calcium excretion per milligram creatinine (difference
from control value). The increment in urinary calcium
excretion per dL of GF during the latter half of
the observation period after the ingestion of coral-added
crackers was significantly greater than that during
the latter half of the observation period after
ingestion of calcium carbonate-added crackers (p
=0.039, paired t-test). A significant difference
(from control value) in the increase of urinary
calcium excretion per milligram creatinine was
also observed (p = 0.0008). The present data, though
from a relatively few study subjects, suggest that
the calcium of coral origin is better absorbed
from the intestine than calcium of calcium carbonate
origin on the average.
According to the Proposed Diagnostic Criteria
for Osteoporosis (Japanese Society for Bone Metabolism)
(1), as many as roughly ten million Japanese persons
are estimated to be diagnosed as having osteoporosis,
which thus is the most common disease ill Japan. A therapeutic or prophylactic approach to osteoporosis,
or to suppression of decrease in bone mass, is
calcium supplementation. The underlying mechanism
is generally thought to consist in the suppression
of parathyroid hormone secretion (2). Recently,
stress is laid particularly on the importance of
a well-balanced supply of calcium and magnesium
rather than simple calcium intake (3). In their epidemiological study on the relationship
of cardiac disorders to calcium/magnesium intake
ratio in 1940, Karppanen et al (4) pointed out
that the number of patients with cardiac disorder
was prone to increase with rising calcium/magnesium
ratio. Additionally, cardiac disorders were found
to be of the highest in incidence in Finland where
the intake ratio exceeded 4: 1.
It has also been demonstrated by Seelig et al
(5) in a balance test with a daily magnesium intake
of350mg and a progressively increasing daily calcium
intake of 200 to 1,400 mg that urinary magnesium
excretion increased with increasing calcium intake,
leading eventually to a negative balance with excessive
magnesium excretion over its actual intake. The
nutritional requirement for calcium is 600 mg a
day and the recommended daily magnesium intake
is 300mg in Japan . It may thus be said that a
calcium:magnesium intake ratio of 2: 1 is advisable
for Japanese (6).
Ryukyuan coral is a dietary material approved
as a food additive that contains calcium and magnesium
in an approximate ratio of 2: 1, with their contents
of 20 and 10%, respectively. Under the view that
it is justified to add this foodstuff to the so-called
nutritionally well-balanced foods which satisfy
the mineral balance, we incorporated coral powder
into inexpensive, light, tasty crackers. This foodstuff
was incorporated into crackers to permit a well-balanced
mineral intake of about half the daily requirements
of .calcium and magnesium (i.e., 300 mg calcium
and 150 fig magnesium) by the daily ingestion of
4 crackers (per box) as a snack.
This study was undertaken to evaluate in humans
whether mean intestinal absorption of coral-derived
calcium incorporated into crackers (h~reinafter
referred to as coral-added crackers) might be comparable
or even superior to mean intestinal absorption
of calcium carbonate-derived calcium in crackers.
METHODS
Subjects. Twelve normal subjects (6 men and 6
women; their ages, body weights and heights shown
in Table I) participated in the study after giving
written informed consent. The study was designed
in accordance with the spirit of the De- claraltion
of Helsinki (adopted in 1964; as amended in 1989)
(7) and conducted after review ,l!1d approval by
the Higashi Sapporo Hospital Institutional Review
Board. None of the subjects had a history of bone
disease, peptic ulcer, enterectomy, regional enteritis,
malabsorption, nephrolithiasis, liver cirrhosis,
or renal disorder. The subjects had not taken calcium
supplements or vitamin D preparations, nor received
anticonvulsants, diuretics, adrenocorticosteroids,
estrogens or any other drugs .that could affect
calcium metabolism during the month preceding the
start of the study.
Methods. The subjects were divided into two groups;
subjects of one group ingested coral-added crackers
first (group A) and those of the other group ingested
calcium carbonate-added crackers first (group B).
After a subsequent 3-d wash-out period, the groups
received the study regimens on a cross-over design.
An additional group (group C) served as a control
not ingesting crackers. In order to sharpen calcium
absorption, all study subjects were so instructed
as to adhere to a daily diet restricted in calcium
(300 mg/d, corresponding to half the dietary allowance),
magnesium (150mg/d, corresponding to half the aimed
intake) and sodium (2.3 g/d, corresponding to half
the dietary allowance) beginning 2 d prior to the
start of study regimens.
Each 12-g piece of coral-added cracker contained
75 mg of calcium and 36 mg of magnesium. Calcium
and magnesium contents of a 12-g calcium carbonate-added
cracker were 75 and 6mg, respectively. Each subject
ingested seven pieces of either cracker each time
in this study since, according to Harvey et al
(8), oral ingestion of 500 mg of calcium suffices
for adequate evaluation of intestinal calcium absorption
by measurements of urinary calcium excretion. The
calcium intake and magnesium intake after the ingestion
of 7 coral:. added crackers were calculated to
be 525 and 252 mg, respectively, and those after
ingestion of 7 calcium carbonate-added crackers
to be 525 and 42 mg, respectively.
Controls (group C) did not ingest either cracker
at all. During each phase of the study, all subjects
fasted from 8:00p.m. of the preceding day, but
were allowed to drink 300mL of distilled water
at 8:00 and 11 :00 p.m. of that day and 600 mL
of distilled water at 6:00 a.m. of the test day.
A 2-h urine collection was obtained from each
subject from 6:00 to 8:00 a.m. (2 h pre-ingestiori).
At 8:00 a.m. , subjects of group A ingested an
initial regimen consisting of coral-added crackers
and those of group g ingested an initial regimen
consisting of calcium carbonate crackers, with
300 mL of distilled water. Another 2-h urine collection
was then obtained from 8:00 to 10:00 a.m. (first
half of observation period). At 10:00 a.m. , each
subject drank 300 mL of distilled water and urine
was collected for 2 h from 10:00 a.m. to noon (latter
half of observation period). An additional 2-h
collection from noon to 2:00 p.m. was also obtained
for reference. Controls of group C ingested distilled
water alone at these time points, each followed
by 2-h urine collection (i.e., 08:00-10:00 and
10:00-12:00 ).
Procedure for evaluation of calcium absorption.
In this study, the calcium absorption from the
intestinal tract was evaluated on the basis of
urinary calcium excretion as reported by Harvey
et al (8), Nicar and Pak (9), Pak et al (10), Broadus
et al (11), Birge et al (12), and Dokkum et al
(13). Particularly, for comparative assessments
of the absorption of calcium from coral-added crackers
versus that from calcium carbonate-added crackers,
measurements were carried out with the following
five assay methods of Nicar and Pak and Harvey
et al. Method I) Urinary calcium excretion (in
mg) per milligram of creatinine during the first
4 h post-ingestion from 8:00 a.m. to noon. Method
2) Increment in urinary calcium excretion (in mg)
per dL of OF during the latter half of the observation
period, calculated by subtracting pre-ingestion
urinary calcium excretion ( 6:00-8:00 a.m. ) from
post-ingestion urinary calcium excretion ( 10:00
a.m. - noon ). Method 3) Increment in urinary calcium
excretion (in mg) per dL of OF during the first
half of the observation period, calculated by subtracting
from post-ingestion urinary calcium excretion (
8:00-10:00 a.m. ). Method 4) Urinary calcium excretion
(in mg) calculated by subtraction of the urinary
calcium excretion per milligram creatinine in non-cracker-ingested
controls over 4 h, from 8:00 a.m. to noon , from
post-ingestion urinary calcium excretion per milligram
creatinine during 4 h, from 8:00 a.m. to noon .
Urinary calcium excretion in mg/dL of OF was calculated
by multiplying urinary calcium excretion (in mg)
per milligram urinary creatinine by serum creatinine
concentration (in mg/dL). (Blood collection was
performed at 8;00 a.m. just prior to cracker ingestion
and at noon (i.e., 2 h post-ingestion), and serum
creatinine levels determined at these time points
were used for the calculation.) Method 5) Determine
the increase in serum calcium concentration (in
mg/dL) by subtracting the serum calcium concentration
in non-cracker-ingested controls from post-ingestion
serum calcium concentration. Similar procedures
were used for the evaluation of magnesium absorption.
Inter-group comparisons were made using a paired.
t-test.
Urine samples were analyzed for calcium by the
OCPC method ("Jisseiken" Ca, an auto
analyzer system reagent; DIA-Iatron Co., Ltd.,
Tokyo, Japan), and for magnesium by the xylidyl
blue method ("Jisseiken" Mg, an auto
analyzer system
RESULTS
Calcium absorption Pertinent data are presented
in Table 2. The group receiving coral-added crackers
and that receiving calcium carbonate-added crackers
were practically comparable with respect to urinary
calcium excretion during 2-h pre-ingestion ( 6:00-8:00
a.m. ). Mean urinary calcium excretion after the
ingestion of coral-added crackers was greater than
that after calcium carbonate-added crackers by
four determination methods, I) through 4). Significant
intergroup differences were noted in urinary calcium
excretion (fig/fig Cr) during 4-h post-ingestion
( 8:00 - noon )
Vol 45, No 5, 1999
Table 3. Increase in urinary calcium excretion
(mg) per dL of glomerular filtrate during the latter
half of the observation period ( 10:00 a.m. - noon
) after cracker ingestion in individual subjects.
by Method I), increase in urinary calcium excretion
(mg/dL OF) during the latter half of the post-ingestion
observation period (10:00 a.m. to noon) by Method
2), and increase in urinary calcium excretion (A
from control~ mg/mg Cr) during 4-h post-ingestion
(8:00 a.m. to noon) by Method 4). However, Do significant
difference was demonstrated for the first half
of the post-ingestion observation period ( 8:00-10:00
a.m. ) by Method 3). These findings were generally
in line with the conclusions from absorption studies
on calcium citrate versus calcium carbonate by
Harvey et al (8) and Nicar and Pak (9) that calcium
citrate was better absorbed.
The
increase in serum calcium concentration calculated
by subtraction of the control value from the post-ingestion
serum calcium value (Method 5) also showed a significant
difference between the two groups; hence, a similar
tendency to that reported by Harvey et al. Individual
assay data for the latter half of the post-ingestion
observation period are presented
in Table 3. The
males exhibited a better calcium absorption from
coral-derived calcium as compared with the
females, though the subject sample sizes were small.
Coral-Derived
Calcium Absorption by Humans
Table 4. Increase in urinary magnesium excretion
(mg) per dL of glomerular filtrate and serum magnesium
concentration during the latter half of the observation
period (IO:OOa.m.-noon) after cracker ingestion.
appreciable difference between the two cracker
regimens. It was thus considered appropriate to
assess the responses by analyzing two consecutive
2-h post-ingestion urine samples for the comparison
based on urinary calcium excretion.
Magnesium absorption
Intestinal magnesium absorption and increases
in serum magnesium concentration following ingestion
of the test crackers are shown in Table 4. The magnesium content of the coral-added cracker
was as high as 252 mg while that of the calcium
carbonate-added cracker. was only 42 mg. Significant
intergroup differences were observed in respect
of increment in urinary magnesium excretion during
the latter half of the post-ingestion observation
period (10:00 a.m. to noon) by Method 2) (p=0.001),
and there was an increase in serum magnesium concentration
at noon as compared to the serum magnesium value
at 8:00 a.m. (p = 0.006).
DISCUSSION
The assessments of calcium absorption from supplemented
crackers performed using five methods as described
by Harvey et al (8) and Nicar and Pak (9) demonstrated
a better absorption of coral-derived calcium than
that of calcium carbonate-derived calcium on the
average.
A laboratory study in rats to explore the ability
to utilize calcium derived from Ryukyuan coral
which contains calcium and magnesium at a ratio
of about 2-to-1 has been reported by Suzuki et
al (14). The investigators calculated the calcium
balance from excretions in the feces and urine
during the last 3 d of a 4-wk rat feeding trial
using coral. They concluded that the efficiency
of calcium utilization was satisfactorily greater
with coral-derived calcium as compared to calcium
carbonate-derived calcium, although the difference
observed did not attain a level of statistical
significance. Suzuki et al also described that their concurrent
test with a fivefold increase in dietary magnesium
intake (i.e., 0.25% as against 0.05%) demonstrated
a marked increase in urinary calcium excretion;
hence, a better calcium absorption in the group
fed on high-magnesium (0.25%) diet.
The present study was conducted under conditions
with a higher rate of magnesium content (6-fold
difference) as compared to the above two laboratory
studies of Suzuki et al, viz. a magnesium content
of 36mg (0.3%) per 12-g coral-added cracker versus
a magnesium content of 6 mg (0.05% ) per 12-g calcium
carbonate-added cracker .
While Suzuki et al have given no account of the
high efficiency of calcium utilization from coral
in their article, it would be reasonable to assume
that the high magnesium content has some bearing
upon the intestinal absorption of calcium when
viewed together with consideration of the present
human trial data. However , it is of importance
to mention that problems such as coral calcium
solubility in gastric acid, absorption from the
intestine and reabsorption from the renal tubules
per se should be discussed. Additionally, the potential
involvement of magnesium and further basic studies
are needed .
The present data demonstrating the remarkably
good absorption of calcium from coral containing
calcium and magnesium in a ratio of 2-to-1 are
of profound interest, and it is anticipated that
Ryukyuan coral can be incorporated into a variety
of inexpensive, light, tasty foods so as to enable
a ready dietary intake of calcium and magnesium
in a ratio of 2-to-l.
The authors are gratefully indebted to Dr. Osamu
Setoyama, Vice Director of the Clinical Division,
Higashi Sapporo Hospital , and dietitians and other
staff of the hospital for helpful discussion and
expert cooperation throughout this study.
REFERENCES
Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Osteoporosis
(Jpn. Soc. Bone Metab., 1993).
Recker RR. 1981. Continuous treatment of osteoporosis:
Current status. Orthop Cli11 North Am 12: 611-627.
Esashi T. 1992. Calcium and magnesium. Rinsho
Eiyo (Clin Nutr) 81: 288-294. Karppanen H, Pennanen
R, Passinen L. 1978. Minerals, coronary heart disease
and sudden coronary death. Adv Cardiol 25: 9-24.
Seelig MS. 1982. Magnesium requirements in human
nutrition. 1 Med Soc 79: 849-850. ltokawa Y. 1990.
Magnesium as a nutrient. Igaku no Ayumi (1 Clin
Exp Med) 154: 213-216.
The Declaration. of Helsinki (adopted in 1964;
as amended in 1989). 1988. 1 Nutr Sci Vitaminol51:
41-42.
Harvey JA, Zobitz MM, Pak CYC. 1988. Dose dependency
of calcium absorption: A comparison of calcium
carbonate and calcium citrate. 1 Bone Mineral Res
3: 253-258. Nicar MJ, Pak CYC. 1985. Calcium bioavailability
from calcium carbonate and calcium citrate.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61: 391-395.
Pak CYC, Harve:y JA, Hsu MC. 1987. Enhanced calcium
bioavailability from a solubilized form of calcium
citrate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65: 801-805.
Broadus AE, Dominguez M, Bartter FC. 1978. Pathophysiol9gical
studies in idiopathic hypercalciuria: Use of an
oral calcium tolerance test to characterize distinctive
hypercalciuric subgroups. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
47: 751-760.
Birge SJ, Peck WA , Berman M, Whedon GD. 1969.
Study of calcium absorption in man: A kinetic analysis
and physiologic model. J Clin Invest 48: 1705-1713.
van Dokkum W, de la Gueronniere V, Schaafsma G,
Bouley C, Luten J, Latge C. 1996. Bioavailability
of calcium of fresh cheeses, enteral food and mineral
water: A study with stable calcium isotopes in
young adult women. Br J Nutr 75: 893-903. Suzuki
K, Uehara M, Masuyilma R, Gotou S. 1997. Calcium
utilization from natural coral calcium~A coral
preparation with a calcium-magnesium content ratio
of 2 : I. Abstracts ofPapers Presented at the 44th
Jpn. Soc. Nutr. Betterment, p. 145, Fukuoka .
Vol
45, No 5, 1999
back
to top Coral
Calcium when compare to Calcium Carbonate
is proven to have a superior absorption
rate of Calcium, and Magnesium in a
ratio of 5 : 1
SHOWA
WOMEN'S UNIVERSITY
1-7, Taishido, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 154 Japan Phone
(03)3411-5111 Fax. (03)34137-6850 Tlx. 2425578
S~IOWAW July 24; 2000
THE PROBLEM ON THE LACK OF INGESTION OF CALCIUM
AND MAGNESIUM IN JAPAN AND CORAL POWDER
The
oldest data of RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances)
for. the Japanese was the official data issued
by the Japanese Government in 1947, except the
temporally issued data during the World War II.
After that, the data is still used through several
revision. In the meanwhile, the ingested nutrition
of the people is rising by the higher the national
economy and the only nutrient substance which is
still lower than the DA (Dietary Allowance) is
Calcium (Ca) today. For this reason, in order to
increase the ingestion of Ca, the development of
Ca enriched food and the propaganda to increase
the consumption of the food which are the supply
source of Ca such as Milk and dairy products etc.
are made and as the result the ingestion of Calcium
is slightly upward tendency. But recently after
the report that the death rate of Ischemic Heart
Disease (IHD) is increased to correlated with the
ratio between Ca and Magnesium (Mg) are published
by Karppanen et al. (1978)[1]. The necessity of
concerning not only to the ingestion of each minerals
but also to make balance of correlated minerals
are emphasized by Itokawa [2], Kimura[3] and Suzuki
[4] et al; We have no data of ingestion of Mg in
the National Nutrition Surveys of Japan which was
done once a year from 1946 but following to the
data by Itokawa et al., the ingestion of Mg which
was surveyed from each stratum in Japan was about
150-250mg and this ingested Mg was only about 1/3-
1/2 compared with 500-600mg of ingestion of Ca.
Concerning to the ratio of Ca/Mg, in Japan to keep
2:1 is preferable from the data of Karppanen et
al. and RDA for the Japanese of Ca and Mg. Actually,
it seems easy but is difficult to keep 2:1 for
Ca/Mg by assortment of several food. Fortunately,
it is realized to supply the Ca/Mg =2:1 by the
utilization of coral which is accumulated in certain
area of Okinawa in Japan. This Ca/Mg =2:1 is naturally
well-balanced and contains other minute minerals.
Ca/Mg , is this naturally well-balanced minerals
comes from Okinawa. By the result of analysis,
ordinary coral contains abt. 35% of Ca: and abt.2%
of Mg but this special type of coral contains abt.
25% of Ca and abt.10% of. Mg which contents of
Mg is higher 'than that of ordinary coral and the
ratio of Ca/Mg is closely 2:1. We certified by
the data of analysis of both authorized Research
Laboratories in Japan and U.S.A.. And usually,
ordinary coral sand accumulated on the bottom of
the sea sometimes can not use for food-stuff as
it contains silica sand but this special coral
has not such trouble by the result of analysis.
Hiroyasu Fukuba, Ph.D . Professor . Showa Women's
University
SHOWA
WOMEN'S UNIVERSITY
1-7, Taishido, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 154 Japan Phone
(03)3411-5111 Fax. (03)3487-6850 Tlx. 2425578 SHOWAW
The Study on Nutrition of Coral Powder
As the several testing results on Coral Powder
given to the subjects are reported, I would like
to explain about those results.
1. The Influence of Calcium Enriched Food and
Exercise upon the Bone Density -I By Prof. Shizue
Yamashita et al. (announced and published at Japan
Nutrition and Food Society, 1997) .
The influence of Ca enriched food and exercise
upon the bone density objected 51 students from
19-32 years of age during 6 months are observed.
' The ingestion of Ca was 1,000mg which was consisted
from 400mg by daily foods, 200mg by mill( and 400mg
by coral powder. As for exercise, 90 minutes exercise
for the purpose of weight control was charged for
1st Group, more than 40 minutes/Day and nearly
140 pulsation exercise was charged 3 times in a
week for 2nd Group, 10,000 steps/Day of walking
was charged for 3rd Group and exercise was charged
for the purpose of weight control as 1st Group
but digestion of Ca was not forced to charge for
4th Group. The change of the bone density of 3rd
Group was the biggest from 95.4 at the beginning
of the test to 96.3 at the end of the test. [6]
2. The Influence of Calcium Enriched Food and
Exercise upon the Bone Density -II
By Prof. Shizue Yamashita et al. (announced and
published at Japan Nutrition and Food Society,
1998)
The change of bone density by exercise in the
case of charging of 600mgIDay of Ca and 300mgIDay
of Mg derived from coral powder for one Group and
charging of 200ml of mill{ for other Group were
objected by 43 of female students from 19-27 years
of age.
The object term was 10 months from May 1997 to
March 1998 and exercise was divided 2 terms, 1st
term was 66 days from May to July and 2nd term
was 60 days from October to December. 1st Group
was only given Ca enriched food, 2nd and 3rd Group
were given enriched food and exercised muscular
training and walking. 4th Group was only exercise
but divided 2 groups and each group altered muscular
training and walking in the middle of objection.
The rising of bone density of testing groups was
predominantly high, especially that of started
from muscular training, Group in the exercise groups
(2K Group) was more than that of started from walking
Group (2W Group). [7]
3. The Utilization of Calcium derived from Natural
Coral Calcium
By Prof. Kazuharu Suzuki et al. (announced and
published at Japan Nutrition and Food Society,
1997)
In order to compare the utility efficiency of
Ca derived from natural coral powder which contains
Ca/Mg at the rate of 2:1, 4 kinds of Ca, Coral
Powder, Calcium Carbonate, Milk Calcium and Cow
Bone Calcium, are given to 4 month old 30 Wister
species rats during 4 weeks. In this case, to keep
the amount of Mg controlled with Magnesium Oxide
and controlled the ratio of Ca/mg as 2:1. 3 days
before the end of feeding, the intake and out put
are investigated by the ways of collecting dung
and urine. After the feeding, the amount of Ca
and Mg were measured from the extracted internal
organs and blood serum separately. As the result,
the reserved amount of Ca of Coral Powder Group
was shown the highest value compared with other
Groups. And the rate of the absorption of Ca of
this group' in appearance was 69.6%. It was also
the highest value compared with other groups. There
was no difference between 4 groups about the thickness
of Ca and Mg in blood serum, but HDL-the thickness
of Cholesterol of Coral Powder was the highest
value among 4 groups. As the result, the absorption
of Ca of natural Coral Calcium was the better compared
with Milk Ca, Cow Bone Ca and Calcium Carbonate.
And Natural Coral Calcium seemed to give the favorable
result for fat in the blood serum. [8]
4. Calcium Absorption from the ingestion of Coral
Derived Calcium by Humans
By Dr. Kunihiko Ishitani et al. (1999 Journal
of Nutritional Science Vitamin L 45.509~517)
It is pointed out the defect that the mineral
balance in the foods last easily as the chance
of ingestion of processed foods were so often recently.
Cookies enriched with well-mineral balanced coral
powder and with Calcium Carbonate were given to
12 healthy volunteers (male: 6, female :6) as the
cross over design and compared the rate of absorption
by the analysis of fecal and urine. As the result
of analysis, it was clearly shown, even the numbers
of subjects were small, that Ca of Coral Powder
was absorbed better than that of Calcium Carbonate.
[9]
Conclusion
As the conclusion of above introduced 4 reports,
Ca and Mg contained Coral Powder was well absorbed
in the human body and it was clear that it contributes
for the improvement of bone density.
/ :y~,-.C/~
Hiroyasu ~Fukuba, Ph.D. Professor
Showa Women's University
LITERATURE
[ 1 ] J Karppanen et al. 1978 ...Mutual Relationship
of Ischemic
Heart Disease ( IHD ) and Ca/Mg in Meals .""
[ 2] Yoshinori Itokawa M.D. ,i: RDA of Mineral, Minutes Elements
and the Estimation of Nutrition. II ( "Food Chemical" Oct-;.1995.
P.19-25 .)
[3] Shuichi Kimura, Ph.:D:
[4] Kazuharu Suzuki;Ph.D; : .
[5] Yoshinori .Itokawa,.M.D. et al. II Magnesium Intake Difference Among Different
Ages and Environments .,
[6] Shizue Yamas4it~:,.".Prof. , Yuko. Isa, Shimako Muto,and Goro.
Koife, Prof. , .Futaba College of Nutrition. .l"The influence of Calcium
Enriched Food and Exercise upon. the Bone.Density II ( Japan. Nutrition and
Food Society, 1997. 3g-aVII I P. 188 )
[ 7] Shizue Yamashita.., ; Prof; ., .Yuko Isa,. Shima]co Muto and Goro
Koike,. Prof., Futaba Co1lege of Nutrition " The Influence.of Calcium
Enriched .Food and Exercise. upon the Bone Density " ( Japan Nutrition
and Food Society! 1998. :E20 P~131)
[8] Kazuharu Suzuki, Ph.D., Mariko Uehara, Ritsuko Masuyama, and Shi:ro Goto,
Prof.. , Agriculturre and Nutrition Dept. , .Tokyo
University of .Agriculture ". The utilization calcium :derived from Natural.
Coral Calcium " ('The Japanese .Society of Nutrition and Dietetic~, 1997.
055) .[N.B.; SMP is". Ca/Mg=2;1 Coral Powder]
[ 9] Kunihiko Ishitani I Ph .D .,Eiko Itakura, Shiro .Goto, Pr:of .And Takatoshi
Esashi,.Ph.D. " Calcium Absorption £rom the Ingestion
of Coral-Derived Calcium by Humans ",
( J..Nutr.. Sci. Vitaminol, 1999,.45. P..509 -517 )
[10] The Certificate of' Analysis by Tokyo Food Sanitation
Association, Food Research Laboratory, Authorized by the Japanese Government
[11] Total Analysis by Wallace Labs. CA, U.S.A. '.
[12]Anaiysis Certificate Japan Food Research Laboratories,
Authorized. by .the Japanese Government.
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